Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Essays

Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Essays Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Essay Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Essay Outline labelling theory and see its utility in understanding young person offense and anti-social behavior in Britain today. Labeling theory claims that aberrance and conformance consequences non so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights societal responses to offense and aberrance Macionis and Plummer, ( 2005 ) .Deviant behavior is hence socially constructed. This essay will depict in full the labelling theory and remark on the importance of the theory to the aberrant behavior of the young person and the anti-social behavior of the young person in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late seventiess when it was used as a sociological theory of offense influential in disputing Orthodox positiveness criminology. The cardinal people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this position of aberrance are said to hold been foremost established by Lement, ( 1951 ) and were later developed by Becker, ( 1963 ) .As a affair of fact the labelling theory has later become a dominant paradigm in the account of devience.The symbolic interaction position was highly active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the premise that aberrant behavior is to be seen non merely as the misdemeanor of a norm but as any behavior which is successfully defined or labelled as pervert. Deviance is non the act itself but the response others give to that act which means aberrance is in the eyes of the perceiver. Actually the labelling theory was built on Becker, ( 19 63:9 ) statement that Social groups create aberrance by doing the regulations whose misdemeanor constitute aberrance, and by using those regulations to peculiar people and labelling them as foreigners aberrance is non a quality of the act of a individual commits, but instead a effects of the application by others of regulations and countenances to an offender The pervert is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Deviant behavior is behaviour that people so label. The manner out is a refusal to dramatise the immorality. The labelling theory connects to great sociological thoughts of Dukheim the symbolic interactionism and the struggle theory. The theory besides draws from the thought of Thomas ( 1928 ) that when people define state of affairss as existent they become existent in their effects. Lement, ( 1951-1972 ) distinguishes aberrance into primary and secondary aberrance in which he described primary aberrance as those small reactions from others which have small consequence on a individual s ego construct and secondary aberrance as when people push a aberrant individual out of their societal circles which leads the individual to be embittered and seek the company of the people who condone his behaviour.Lement farther argued that instead than seeing a offense as taking to command it may be more fruitful to see the procedure as one in which control bureaus structured and even generated offense. Secondary aberrance leads to what Goffman ( 1963 ) pervert calling. This will later leads to stigma which is a powerful negative societal label that radically changes a individual s ego construct and societal individuality. A condemnable prosecution is one manner that an person is labelled in a negative instead than in a positive manner. Stigmatizing people frequently leads to re trospective labelling which is the reading of person s past consistent with the present aberrance Seheff ; ( 1984 ) .Retrospective labelling distorts a individual s life in a damaging manner guided by stigma than any effort to be just. No societal category stands apart from others as being either condemnable or free from criminalism. However harmonizing to assorted sociologists people with less interest in society and their ain hereafter typically exhibit less opposition to some sorts of devience.Labelling theory asks what happens to felons after they have been labelled and suggests that offense may be highlighted by condemnable countenances therefore directing one to prison may assist to outlaw an single further. Stigmatizing immature wrongdoers may really take them into a condemnable calling. Howard S.Becker, ( 1963 ) one of the earlier interaction theoreticians claimed that societal groups create aberrance by doing the regulations whose misdemeanor constitute aberrance and by using those regulations to peculiar people and labelling them as foreigners. Furthermore the labelling theoretical attack to deviance dressed ores on the societal reaction to deviance committed by persons every bit good as the interaction processes taking up to the labelling. The theory therefore suggests that criminology has been given excessively much attending to felons as types of people and deficient attending to the aggregation of societal control responses. That hence means the jurisprudence, the constabulary, the media and the public publications helps to give offense its form. This is supported by the struggle theory which demonstrates how aberrance reflects inequalities and power.This attack holds that the causes of offense may be linked to inequalities of category, race and gender and that who or what is labelled as aberrant depends on the comparative power of classs of people.Cicourel s survey on Juvenile justness in California, ( 1972 ) pointed out that constabulary stereotypes result in black, white category young person being labelled felon. The struggle theory links aberrance to power in the signifier of the norms and the Torahs of most societies which bolster the involvements of the rich and powerful. The labelling theory links deviance non to action but to the reaction of others.The construct of stigma, secondary aberrance and aberrant calling demonstrates how people can integrate the label of aberrance into a permanent self-concept. Political leaders recognises that labelling was a political act for it made them aware on which regulations to implement, what behavior is to see as pervert and which people labelled as foreigners may necessitate political aid Becker, ( 1963-7 ) .Political leaders went on to bring forth a series of empirical surveies refering the beginnings of deviancy definitions through political actions in countries such as drugs statute law, moderation statute law, delinquency definitions, homosexualism, harlotry and erotica. Becker, ( 1963 ) examines the possible effects upon an person after being publically labelled as pervert. A label is non impersonal ; it contains an rating of the individual to whom it is applied. It will go a maestro label in the sense that it colours all the other positions possessed by an person. If one is labelled as a pedophile, condemnable or homosexual it is hard to reject such labels for those labels mostly overrides their original position as parents, worker, neighbour and friend. Others view that individual and respond to him or her in footings of the label and be given to presume that person has the negative features usually associated with such labels. Since an person s ego construct is mostly derived from the responses of others they will be given to see themselves in footings of that label. This may bring forth a ego carry throughing prognostication whereby the aberrant designation becomes the commanding 1. This links to the interactionist attack which emphasizes the im portance of the significances the assorted histrions bring to and develops within the interaction state of affairs. However the labelling theory has its failings which includes Liazos, ( 1972 ) who noted that although the labelling theoreticians aims to humanize the aberrant person and show that he or she is no different than other persons except possibly in footings of chance. It nevertheless by the really accent on the pervert and his individuality jobs and subculture the opposite consequence may hold been achieved. He farther suggested that while sing the more usual mundane types of aberrance such as homosexualism, harlotry and juvenile delinquency the labelling theoreticians have wholly ignored a more unsafe and malevolent types of aberrance which he termed covert institutional force. He pointed out that this type of force leads to such things as poorness and development for illustration the war in Vietnam, unfair revenue enhancement Torahs, racism and sexism. It is questionable whether labelling theoreticians should even try to discourse signifiers of aberrance such as this in the same manner as more platitude single offenses or whether the two should be kept wholly separate being so different in capable affair. Akers, ( 1994 ) besides criticized the labelling theory by indicating out that it fails to explicate why people break the jurisprudence while the bulk conform explicating that people go about minding their ain concern and so wham-bad society comes along and stops them with a stigmatised label. The theory fails to explicate why the moral enterprisers react in the mode described but instead incriminations society and portrays felons as inexperienced person victims which is non ever the instance. To counter for the negative effects of punitory steps to youth offense and anti-social behavior the British authorities introduced the ASBO and ABC which means anti societal behavior orders and acceptable behaviors respectively.ASBO and ABC are recent developments in Britain which were designed to set a halt to anti-social behavior by the person on whom they are imposed.ASBO is a statutory creative activity and it carries legal force where as an ABC is an informal process though non without legal significance. Both types of intercessions are aimed at halting the job behavior instead than penalizing the wrongdoer which may take an single into a aberrant calling. The ABC proved most effectual as a agency of promoting immature grownups, kids and parents to take duty for unacceptable behavior. These steps are being used to better the quality of life for local people by undertaking behaviors such as torment, graffito, condemnable harm and verbal maltreatment without outlawing the wrongdoe r. The offense and upset act ( 1998 ) contains the cardinal elements of labor s new young person justness system which saw the constitution of the young person justness and the restructuring of the non tutelary punishments available to the young person tribunal. The authorities believed that forestalling piquing promotes the public assistance of the single immature wrongdoer and protects the populace. The young person justness board oversees the young person piquing squads which has a figure of functions including measuring the hazard and protective factors in a immature individual s life that relate to their piquing behavior to enable effectual intercessions to be implemented, supplying support to immature people who have been released from the detention into the community and early intercession and preventive work both in criminalism and anti-social behavior. To further cut down the effects of labelling the British authorities is undertaking anti-social behavior and its causes by undertaking household jobs, hapless instruction attainment, unemployment, intoxicant and drug abuse. The most successful intercessions to be implemented where noted to be those that engage the person in altering their ain behavior. This is being done guaranting that an single understands the impact of their behavior to the community whilst offering the necessary support to conform. Rather than labelling and outlawing an single the British authorities came up with effectual advice, councelling and support that enable people who behave anti-Socially to alter their behavior. Perpetrators immature and grownups have issues in their lives that require the aid and support of professional, statutory or voluntary administrations. Issues like money direction and debt, communicating troubles with the household, immature people fighting within the educational or employment because of piquing behavior and victims of domestic force can all profit from available services in Britain today. This essay hence concludes that labelling theory is tremendously influential in directing attending towards the relation and slightly arbitrary nature of dominant definitions of offense and criminalism in Britain. It besides critizes the condemnable justness and the bureaus of societal control for it reflects on the effects of our societal reaction and advocators for alterations in public policy on juvenile justness, renewing justness, de-institutionalisation and communitarian attacks. The powerful penetrations of the labelling theory made the British governments to rethink once more on the tough on offense stance hence the debut of new renewing steps which does non label or outlaw immature wrongdoers. The labelling theory is hence rather utile in understanding that the rise in the yob civilization, gang civilization and hoody civilization in Britain was a consequence of outlawing immature wrongdoers instead than turn toing issues taking the immature into offense and anti-social beha vior. Mentions Berker and Howard, S ( 1963 ) Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of aberrance, New York: free imperativeness Goffman, E ( 1963 ) Stigma: Notes on the direction of spoilt individuality, Prentice-hall Hall, S ( 1978 ) Patroling the crisis, The Macmillan imperativeness LTD Haralambos, M and Holborn ( 1991 ) Sociology subjects and positions, Collins instruction. Macionis, J and Plummer, K ( 2005 ) Sociology a planetary debut, Pearson instruction limited. Taylor et Al, ( 1973 ) the new criminology for a societal theory of devience, Routledge

The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy The WritePass Journal

The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy Introduction The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy Introduction Certain themes prevail throughout much of Gothic literature. These include sexuality, the notion of the ‘other’, the uncanny, and the exploration of the ‘haunted house’. In AL Kennedy’s So I Am Glad, many of these themes are present. This paper will examine sexuality, criminality and locale in Kennedy’s novel.   It will argue that Jennifer, the protagonist, is an example of the ‘dangerous woman’ found throughout literature; that her sexuality is inextricably bound with notions of transgression and criminality. Finally, it will argue that locale, and particularly the notion of ‘home’ plays an integral role in the fabric of Kennedy’s text. Science fiction as a genre tends to be androcentric; within this framework female heroines with a more masculine persona are generally juxtaposed with ‘alien’ characters (Leitch, et. al. (Eds.), 2010: 81). The otherness of the alien symbolises the outsider, one who is cut off from heteronormative, white, male, middle-class society (Germana, 2010: 61). Jennifer is similarly removed from what is ‘normal’. In fact her vocation is that of a disembodied voice.   This removal is manifested when she is detached and absent from herself during masturbation, seeing own body as a sort of ‘other’ or alien presence: ‘I am a partner, I am one half of a larger, insane thing that flails and twists and flops itself together in ways far too ridiculous for daylight’ (Kennedy, 2000: 4).   In pleasuring herself, she is the ‘other’; she is ‘insane’ and ‘ridiculous’. This otherness points to something beyond hers elf that cannot be rationalised or understood; it illuminates an unsolved mystery that is a perpetual theme in Gothic literature (Khair, 2009: 31; Maturin and LeFanu in Punter (Ed.), 2001: 88). Jennifer is cut off from her body and her sexuality in acts of onanism, but she is most present when she assumes the violent, sadistic male persona of Captain Bligh, her male alter ego. The actual alien or other in the novel is Savinien, yet it is Jennifer who is an outsider through her sexual proclivities with her sexual partner, Steve.   Jennifer’s sexuality is that of the unnatural, masculinised woman. This resonates with a long tradition in Scottish culture and literature surrounding the ‘dangerous’ woman (Germana, 2010: 63).   Like Lady Macbeth, the quintessential dark feminine in literature, Jennifer unsexes herself to become something that is subversive to the traditional notion of womanhood. Instead of nurture or femininity, she personifies extreme aggression a nd violence through Captain Bligh.   A feminist interpretation would suggest that Kennedy here portrays the Female Gothic perspective, in overturning any preconceived notions of gender roles that the reader might possess; the complexity of Jennifer’s sexuality and draw to domination is appropriate for the Gothic genre, as it seeks to portray intricate concepts (Smith, 2007: 8). In literature the witch, or what Germana calls the ‘mad, bad and dangerous’ woman does not represent a hybrid sexuality. Rather, her female sexuality is subversive; it is portrayed as being monstrous.   This representation is closely connected to a fear of male castration. (Germana, 2010: 66)   The female is no longer passive and subject to the control of patriarchal domination and control; her body is terrifying and ‘monstrous’ now not because she herself is castrated, as Freud posited, but because she has the power to castrate a man.   It has been asserted that this vision of the ‘monstrous’ woman is a common theme throughout the literary canon as well as in modern literature, film and art (Seigneuret, (Ed.), 1988: 183). In So Am I Glad, Jennifer ultimately takes on the role of castrator with Steven in their sexual activities. He is bound to the table with his male genitalia removed from sight and rendered irrelevant. He assumes a female position and she stands over him with his own belt. The belt and the hard metal clasp are the relentless phallus that inflicts pain on Stevens exposed buttocks.   It is notable that pain itself is a recurring Gothic theme; like the Romantics, Gothic authors are fascinated with pain (Bruhm, 1994: xvi). As Jennifer represents the witch, or madwoman, Savinien, as a revenant, links themes of sexuality and death.   Ghosts inhabit a liminal space between the two worlds of life and death; they represent the desire to return to embodied state along with a pull towards self-annihilation. Jennifer’s disembodied voice and Savinien’s ghost mirror the dualistic nature of the text itself. Writing is itself a kind of wound, of damage, as well as an elegy of loss and mourning. Jennifer is, in the text, forming an elegy for Savinien, driven by loss and desire. The text itself echoes this desire and seduction; Kennedy establishes an intimacy with the reader through her use of the word ‘you’; barriers are brought down and reestablished, must as characters in the book appear and disappear, as an echo of the transience of the text, and of life itself (Germana, 2010: 142-3). Savinien’s embodiment of both desire and death act as an integral component within the text.   When he speaks of the connection between ‘la mort’, and ‘l’amour’, he indicates a tension between the immediacy of the body, or of a text, and the simultaneous separation and absence, the removal of the reader from the text, as the lover must inevitably be separated from the beloved (Hunter, 1984: 23). This is acknowledged when Jennifer notes, ‘†¦I knew the love he meant, the one that included darkness and loving on alone.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 232). There is also a close and integral connection between sexuality and criminality in So I Am Glad. This is in keeping with what Andrew Smith terms the ‘demands’ that modern literature, and particularly the Gothic genre, makes of readers. The reader must embark on a voyage through the complexities of refurbished mythologies. These mythologies highlight the moral ambiguity and vacu ity of modern existence (Ellis, 2001: 6). Gothic literature examines the erosion of values and expresses concerns about contemporary amorality. In contrast to modernism, which complemented the motif of the disintegrated self common to Gothic texts, post-modernism is even more appropriate within a Gothic framework; it questions the idea that the world is in any way coherent or rational. (Smith, 2007: 141). It is by transcending the limits of rational logic that the subtle nuances of human existence can be broached and deciphered. This amorality is demonstrated in Jennifer’s actions towards Steve. She is acutely aware that her actions are criminal, yet this crime is bound up in her own concept of the nature of love itself: Naturally, if you beat a man, you will eventually be looking not at him, but at what you have made of him.   But looking at him before you have caused enough change on that body, in that body, this may be a problem.   What will solve the problem beautifully and for ever will be the handcuffs –love, as I understand it.   Fix your man securely   and you need only look at him when you wish, you will already know where to strike (Kennedy, 2000: 94). Jennifer’s perpetration of a crime with Steven is an echo of an earlier crime; that of her parents towards her, when she is forced to act as unwilling sexual voyeur. Botting notes that ‘The child does not watch the primal scene by accident; s/he watches it as an effect of the parents’ letting it be seen. It is a making-see, an exhibition’ (Punter and Bronfen in Botting, F. (Ed.), 2001: 9-10).   The passive aggression of the parents is later made manifest in the adult child.   There is a violation here, and a violence that is a recurring motif in the modern Gothic. Contemporary Gothic literature cannot be separated from the idea of violation; it is concern with reconstituting a message or idea that has already been stained, spoiled or rendered impure.   The child’s perspective, as shown in So I Am Glad, is a frequent motif within the Gothic; it is also an example of the subject that has been violated yet is not conscious of the seductive trauma that has been absorbed (Elliott, 2004: 66). Sadism is the primary form of criminality and violation in the novel and is a recurring theme; Jennifer must submit to the violation of watching her parents’ intercourse; Steve is dominated by Jennifer; and Savinien exerts domination over two different dogs, and ultimately over James. It could additionally be argued that Savinien ultimately dominates Jennifer, in that she is unable to maintain her objective detachment and ‘calmness’ in the face of her experience of him.   Sadism and masochism are psychological readings of relationships in both the political and personal realms, and the theme of power and mastery is particularly resonant in Gothic literature.   Elements of submission, domination and power are essential factors in the ultimate Gothic tale (Thomson, Voller and Frank (Eds.), 2001: 369). Those elements are represented in a completely unrationalised manner, transcending the constraints of materiality which are part and parcel of modern literature. Gothic literature has a long tradition of an established relationship between a ghost and the space in which it haunts.   Scottish literature in particular is suited to this symbiosis; the ‘uncanny’ is inextricably linked to Scotland’s identity as the ‘other’, that place that is beyond the borders of the normative, that exists in a liminal space.   The sweeping, fluid geography of the Scottish Isles is indicative of the unbroken seam between the material and spiritual worlds; Scottish Gothic texts exhibit a similar continuity between the identity of the ghost character and the world in which they move (Germana, 2010: 135-6).   In So I Am Glad, the primary locale is structured around the notion of ‘home’. Notably, in discussing the uncanny, Freud argued that alienation and dispossession are integrally connected to notions of home, and that which is homely (Royle, 2003: 6). Therefore, a domestic locale is well suited to accommodate th e ghostly. Ratmoko points out that the etymology of the verb ‘to haunt’ is ‘to inhabit’.   Home is a place where one might find safety in which to capitalise on sensation, and to be in complete control of one’s environment (Ratmoko,  2005: 77). Kennedy explores this by underlining the notion of ‘home’ as going hand in hand with the development of Jennifer’s love for Savinien.   Early in the book Savinien recalls witnessing an eclipse as he walks home; the experience gives him a sense of his own corporeality and the terror of his existence. When Arthur manages to shake Savinien out of his deep depression, Jennifer finishes the account with ‘We went home then.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 195).   In this instance, home is resolution, shelter. As Savinien and Jennifer move into a full-blown relationship, home becomes a domestic place, or in Arthur’s words, ‘home sweet home’, full of Arthur’s baking and Savinien’s gardening (both traditionally feminine pursuits, which act as a foil to Jennifer’s more ‘masculine’ detachment) (Kennedy, 2000: 205).   Jennifer asks Savinien to plant a ‘Paradise Garden for little old us’, the ultimate home and refuge. Immediately afterwards, they make love: ‘We will be here again, at that first time in again, at that starting of being home, and rolling home, and finding home again.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 212). ‘Home’ is, of course, a house haunted by the revenant of Cyrano de Bergerac; yet for Jennifer that hauntedness is a being ‘in’, a living inside her ghostly lover (Mighall, 2003: 83). The surety of this ‘home’ is juxtaposed with constant uncertainty; the novel is full of people leaving home, disappearing, coming back again: Liz, Paul, Savinien, even Jennifer herself. She appears and disappears repeatedly; this is echoed by Arthur at the end of the novel when he comments that it will be nice to have her not ‘disappearing at all hours’.   Spirits or ghosts are spectres and illusions; the living are not permitted to keep hold of them, to possess or control them; the relationship between Savinien and Jennifer seems like â⠂¬Ëœhome’, but actually highlights the impossibility of true knowledge (Kennedy, 2000: 138). Ultimately, the ‘home’ or haunted house of their love is disrupted when Savinien goes to another ‘home’, the place of his death, Sannois. In conclusion, it can be stated that the author portrays the sexuality of the main character in an unconventional manner.   Jennifer’s female-oriented description of sexual acts as well as the use of her male alter ego are indicative of her willingness to transgress the boundaries imposed by the control mechanisms of patriarchal domination and control. The main character takes control of her sexuality through the element of monstrousness and her ability to be a castrator of men.   Her sexuality is neither masculine nor androgynous. Instead, it is the consummate representation of female power, embodied in Jennifer’s capacity to command the emotional and physical resources in order to carry out sadomasochistic practices. The depiction of desensitised sexual practices is linked to the criminality manifested in the amoral nature of modern existence. The individualistic complexities of the character underline the importance of moral ambiguity in the value system of the c haracter and society at large. Gothic literature has become a significant medium for the analysis of the erosion of values which give rise to the context of contemporary amorality. . Gothic literature differentiates itself from modernist tendencies by discarding altogether the idea that the modern world is rational in any way whatsoever. The practices described by the author are therefore indicative of a willingness on the part of the main character to disengage from the world and to apply her own distorted system of values to her existence and interaction with others. In the uncanny concept of locale, home is a way of resolving the seemingly unsolvable complexities of existence.   It is a place where mundane activities offset the unconventionality of Jennifer’s sexual practices. In that context, it become as space for domestication as well as a geography of desire and mystery that elevates the main character. Home is the locale which juxtaposes the emptiness of sudden and continual departures and a place haunted by the ghosts of her own making. Bibliography Bruhm, S. (1994) Gothic Bodies: The Politics of Pain in Romantic Fiction, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA Elliott, A. (2004) Social Theory Since Freud: Traversing Social Imaginaries, Routledge, London Ellis, M. (2001) The History of Gothic Fiction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Germana, M. (2010) Scottish Womens Gothic and Fantastic Writing: Fiction Since 1978, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Hunter, L. (1984) Rhetorical Stance in Modern Literature: Allegories of Love and Death, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York, NY Kennedy, A. L. (2000) So I am Glad, Alfred Knopf, New York, NY Khair, T. (2009) The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York Leitch, V. et. al. (Eds.) (2010), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, W. W. Norton Company, New York, NY Maturin, C. and LeFanu, J.   (2001) Irish Gothic in Punter, D. (Ed.) A Companion to the Gothic, pp. 81-94, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Mighall, R. (2003) A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction: Mapping Historys Nightmares, Oxford University Press, Oxford Punter, D. and Bronfen, E. (2001) Gothic: Violence, Trauma and the Ethical in Botting, F., The Gothic, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge Ratmoko,  D. (2005)  On  Spectrality:  Fantasies  of  Redemption  in  the  Western  Canon, Peter Lang, New York, NY Royle, N. (2003) The Uncanny, Manchester University Press, Manchester Seigneuret, J. C. (Ed.) (1988) Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs: A-J, (Volume 1), Greenwood Press, Westport, CT Smith, A. (2007) Gothic Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Thomson, D., Voller, J. and Frank, F. (Eds.) (2001) Gothic Writers: A Critical and Bibliographical Guide, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT

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GOLF - Assignment Example The players competing in a golf game use varied types of clubs to place a ball into a series of holes scattered across a golf course. The size and dimensions of a golf course are not well defined as in other sports. Each golf course has a unique design and layout and may have either eighteen or nine holes. Each hole in a golf course has a teeing ground that is â€Å"the starting point of each hole, where the tee markers are (PGA Professional 20)†. A teeing ground comprises of a bounded tee area that includes the putting green and varied hazards like rough and fairway. Putt pertains to a shot made by a golfer with a golf club to make the ball roll. Putting green happens to be â€Å"the most closely mown and smooth area on the course, which is specifically prepared for putting and on which the hole is placed (PGA Professional 16)†. Hazards consist of bunkers filled with sand or some other stuff and water hazards like ponds and ditches that make the game more complex. A si ngle round of golf involves rolling the golf balls in all the holes on a golf course as per a specific order. This order is set as per the layout of a particular golf course. In a golf course consisting of nine holes, the rules are the same except the fact that a game comprises of two following nine-hole rounds. A Player is usually required to keep on hitting a ball until it is holed that is put in a hole. Golf is a game that could be played either individually or in groups. The player who manages to put the ball in all the holes during a round by resorting to the least number of strokes in a round is considered to be the winner. Mainly there are two basic types of golf that are match play and stroke play. In match play, each hole is considered to be a separate contest, and of the two players or teams, the one that wins the maximum number of holes is declared to be the winner. In stroke play, the strokes made by each player to push the ball in every single hole are

Two Dimensional Materials, Tools And Processes Essay Example for Free

Two Dimensional Materials, Tools And Processes Essay Introduction Artists throughout the centuries have utilized medium and formulated its distinction together with themselves. Understanding a work of art does not plainly rely on the history, the artist and the purpose or them, sometimes there is more to it that people fail to analyze. Some people disregard the materials and processes utilized in order to accomplish a specific artwork. Indeed there is more to materials than just things or medium used in order to accomplish art. The following will showcase two sample masterpieces that display meaning with the help of the materials, processes and other tools. â€Å"Prophet† by Emile Nolde (p. 217) Essentially, the heart of this piece revolves around the material conveyed and the message that it displays. Nolde used woodcutting that exposed a more recognizable effect of emotion as seen in the piece. Woodcutting is a relief process that creates a different form of line control due to the effect of the ink being pushed down the areas and wiped from its surface. It enhances the lines even more and produces a more deeper representation of texture. As seen in the â€Å"Prophet†, Nolde takes advantage of woodcuts to get a more expressed feeling of emotion in the face of the main element of the piece. The title and the piece correlates well with each other but the over-all effect wont be possible without Noldes use of woodcuts. In order for him to portray the more expressed feelings of spirituality and deep emotion, he needed to create lines and texture that arouse viewers. Most works that utilized this kind of medium showcases deeper effects in the aspect of emotions. The lines of these works show more feelings and the overall presence compels viewers. The boldness in the effect seen in the piece creates a critical dependency on the material and the process incorporated to accomplish the work.   Clearly, the masterpiece showcases a typical German Expressionist message. The jagged lines, the dented areas and the woods textured grain efficiently collaborates well with the main message being carried out from this faithful mans face. The â€Å"Prophet† is clearly one of the works that displays a definitive importance when it comes to materials and how it was processed just to be accomplished. Emile Nolde relied on a more deeper expression and a bolder portrayal of his message in the piece. He achieved it by incorporating woodcutting as the means. Clearly, if he used a different medium, the effect wont be as greater than this. â€Å"Hurricane Over Horsemen and Trees† by Leonardo Da Vinci (p. 195) In this masterpiece, Leonardo used pen and ink over black chalk with wash on grey washed paper. He skilfully made use of the effect of pen and ink on a grey washed paper that led to an assisting effect with regards to the subject of the work, which tangles with nature. His utilization of his great imagination is displayed along with the effect of the power of nature. This wont be realized without his expert choice of medium. Creating that natural occurrence effect shows a more descriptive form of representation. There is definitely a mythical touch to it as seen in the elements composing the work. Deeper understanding of why that material and medium is used can be concluded in such different ways, but as a viewer, there is such importance to its role that it dictates the whole effect of the artwork. Without his use of Pen, the lines wont be as fine as it looks like and the circular effects wont be as effective as it looks. The use of grey washed paper highlights the floating effect of the elements which in turn reflects a much stronger expression as seen in the textures and shadows. Conclusion Such is the importance of materials, tools and processes on artwork that it assists on a major scale. Its critical role emphasizes effectiveness and suggests a deeper representation or understanding regarding the masterpiece itself. REFERENCES Sayre, H. (2006). A World of Art. New York: Prentice Hall. http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/20th/expressionism.html http://www.universalleonardo.org/trail.php?trail=198work=354 https://courses.worldcampus.psu.edu/art001su08/course/lesson09/print.html

Argumentative Essay: Guns Do NOT Kill People :: Argumentative Persuasive Gun Control

Many stories like the following occur, but are hardly every published: Three robbers entered a Commerce City, Colo., residence, one of them pulled a knife, according to officials. The two men and a woman apparently had planned to rob an acquaintance: but the homeowner resisted the threat, drawing his semiautomatic handgun and shooting the two men. After the three fled, they called for medical help from a cousin's house. The police followed shortly thereafter. "As soon as they get out of the hospital, we'll be there to meet and greet them," said Sgt. Craig Coleman of the Adams County Sheriff's Dept. (rifleman) These are two of many different stories that are produced monthly by the magazine American Rifleman. Every issue gives 4 to 7 stories on how handgun's save lives everyday. There are many people who believe that a handgun can save your life, but there also people who believe that they are just used for bad guys to kill. The Constitution states that we have the right to keep and bare arms, but there are some groups that have decided that is not right. They will do whatever it takes to change Amendment 2. This year there was a new gun law added to the long list of gun laws. In Colorado and Oregon the law was passed with a huge margin. The law states that you can not buy a gun at a gun show without a background check, and for it to be a gun show there only needs to be 3 or more people. So, in other words many of the police officers in the world will now be breaking the law when the switch guns with other officers. For instance, there are four officers standing around at the police station, and a couple of them decided to try out each others gun for a day or two. Under this new law, the officers have now broken the law. Many gun owners say there is no need for this new law. The NRA and many other pro-gun groups did everything they could try and make sense of it to people. Even after spending almost 2 million dollars, they still failed. (Kleck). Sarah Brady, Chair of Handgun Control, Inc, was quoted when she said, " These two overwhelming victories clearly demonstrate that al l Americans, including gun owners, support responsible gun laws which keep criminals from buying guns.

Nike Executive Summary

Is Nike Worth the Buy? Thomas Senyard Issue It has been a week since Nike’s analyst meeting in which management unveiled a plan to revitalize the company. Kimi Ford wonders, is Nike a good buy for her mutual fund? Background Nike’s recent market share has been declining. The new strategy that management introduced plans to develop a better mid-priced shoe, to push their apparel line and to put more effort into expense control. Lehman Brothers say that Nike is a strong buy, but UBS Warburg and CSFB analysts recommend not buying right now.Analysis There are several different methods that can be used to find the WACC and use it to decide whether a stock will be a good buy or not. The Earning’s Capitalization Model is not appropriate in this case because it does not work well for growing companies, as Nike is trying to do, and the Dividend Discount Model has several subjective inputs making it inferior to the CAPM method of determining WACC. Using this method Nikeâ⠂¬â„¢s WACC is found to be 9. 8%.Using this Nike is found to have very good returns on capital, with a reasonable amount of debt, at not too high of a cost. This WACC figure is higher than the one that Ford used, but it still shows us that the stock is undervalued, but by only about $15. This leads to a recommendation that Ford’s mutual fund should add Nike to its portfolio, and from the financial and debt ratios calculated, we get information that says Nike should continue to grow to higher stock prices after reaching the price it was valued at today.